Variables

Variables are placeholders that contain values for later use in one or more action lines, and which allow for easy substitution of values within given action lines.

Variables act as containers for values that are:

• unknown during test development,
• made to vary across iterations (repetitions) of test segments (for data-driven testing),
• retrieved from the automation (from a get-type action, for instance), or
• returned from a user-defined action.

Variable scope

There are two types of variables in TestArchitect: local and global. Whether a variable is local or global is determined by how it is declared, which in turn determines the scope of that variable. A global variable is declared with the global variable action, whereas local variables are declared with local variable.

Variables in TestArchitect are declared at run-time, not during compilation.

A global variable, once declared, remains visible throughout all sections of the test module and its invoked actions within the execution run. If the global variable action is called twice with the same variable name, the second invocation merely assigns a new value to the existing global variable. (Note, however, that the set global variable action is intended specifically for the assigning of new values to existing global variables.)

Unlike global variables, a local variable has limited scope, depending on where it is declared:

• All local variables declared prior to the first test case (regardless of whether an INITIAL section exists), have scope throughout the entire test module, including in the FINAL section. (It is recommended that such variables be declared in the INITIAL section.)
• If a local variable is declared inside a TEST CASE section, the scope of that local variable is limited to the test case.
• If a local variable is declared inside a FINAL section, that local variable’s scope lasts from the point of its declaration to the end of the test module.
• If a local variable is declared inside an action, that local variable has scope within the entire action following its declaration, but not to any actions or test module higher up in the calling chain. Note that, from the standpoint of scope, an action argument is identical to a local variable declared at the beginning of the action.

In all the above cases, the scope of a given local variable or action argument may or may not extend to any actions that are called from a point within that scope. Whether or not this is the case is determined by the setting of the built-in lexical scoping setting, as discussed below.

• Within any given section of a test module or its subordinate actions, when two or more variables of the same name might, individually, have visibility, it is the variable with the most localized scope that is visible at any given point. That is, if test module A has declared local variable x, then calls action B, which also declares local variable x, two instantiations of x exist; action B works with its own copy of x, which disappears after control is returned to test module A.

Scope Binding

TestArchitect supports both dynamic scoping and lexical scoping of local variables and arguments. In both types, the above rules for the scope of local variables and arguments still apply. Where they differ is in the applicability of scope to called actions.

The method of scope binding applied is determined by the built-in lexical scoping setting.

• Lexical scoping: The scope of a TestArchitect local variable or argument does not extend to any called actions. For example, as illustrated in the figure below, if local variable x is declared in test case TC01 and TC01 calls action Act1, x is available in TC01, but not in Act1. Likewise, local variable y declared in action Act1 is not available in action Act2.

  Figure: Lexical scoping
  
  

• Dynamic scoping: The scope of a TestArchitect local variable or argument extends to any action that is called at any point within that scope. Note, however, that the variable’s visibility can be blocked if a variable of the same name is declared within a called action. (The visibility of competing variables – that is, ones with the same name and overlapping scope – is always awarded to the variable with the more localized scope.) For example, as illustrated in the figure below, if local variable x is declared in test case TC01 and TC01 calls actions Act1 and Act2, x is visible in TC01 as well as in Act1 and Act2, since both Act1 and Act2 are children of TC01. However, local variable y declared in Act1 is not visible in Act2 because Act2 is not a child of Act1. Likewise, local variable z declared in action Act3 is not visible in action Act2.

  Figure: Dynamic scoping
  
  

  Since the scope of a local variable is dynamically defined during runtime, it is important to anticipate all dynamic contexts in which that local variable might be used and how scripts may be invoked. For instance, when scripting an action in TestArchitect, you should be aware of when and where that action is used and will be used in the future.

By default, lexical scoping is in effect for TestArchitect local variables. To switch to dynamic scoping, use the lexical scoping built-in setting.

Levels of Variable Scope

The scope of a variable determines its lifetime and visibility. TestArchitect supports the following levels of variable scope:

• Block scope: TestArchitect supports block scope for the action use data set. As discussed in Data setsData sets, the importation of data with the use data set action is accompanied by the creation of local variables, one for each column of data. The scope of these variables is limited to the block of action lines bounded by use data set at the top and repeat for data set at the bottom. Additionally, any local variables declared within the use data set/repeat for data set block also have their scopes limited to that block. In the example below, variables country pickup and duration, derived from the data set, as well as variable rental days, explicitly declared in the block, are seen to have their scopes limited to the block.
  
  
  
  

  注意: 
  The name of the local variable inside the use data set-repeat for data set block cannot be the same as the name of the data set columns.

• Test case scope: A local variable declared within a test case is not available outside of that test case.

• Test module scope: A local variable declared within a test module is not visible outside of that test module. If it is declared within the INITIAL section of the test module, it is visible in every test cases of the module.

• Action scope: A local variable declared in an action is not visible outside of that action.

• Global scope: During run time, a global variable is visible throughout all sections in the current test module/action subsequent to its declaration. Use the global variable action to declare a global variable.

Using local variables is a good choice for holding temporary values, especially for calculations. Local variables consume memory only when the entity (test module, test case, or action) containing them executes. This memory is reclaimed when the TestArchitect interpreter passes outside of the scope of the variable. By contrast, global variables consume memory resources until the entire execution ends.

In general, it is a good practice to declare a variable local and make its scope as narrow as possible. A global variable should be used only when it is necessary that the variable’s value be accessible across test modules and action calls.

The names of local variables are not susceptible to naming conflicts. If there is a naming conflict, the variable with narrower scope takes precedence. In the following example, global variable a has scope that extends throughout the entire executing module, but local variable a is limited in scope to test case TC 01. Since local variable a has narrower scope inside TC 01 than global variable a, it is local variable a (not global variable a) that is visible within test case TC 01, and which is accessed in the report action of line #18. Hence line #18 reports the value 10, while line #23, where global variable a is visible, reports 5.

To explicitly access a global variable’s value, use either the getglobal() function or the set global variable built-in action.

It is common practice to have an action with a name like initialize to assign values to a number of variables used throughout the remainder of a test run, and perhaps shared by several test modules. Each test module would start with a call to initialize to obtain the latest values for the variables.

Editing expressions

During an editing session, entering the # symbol in an empty argument cell triggers an autocomplete pop-up window containing a list of variables thought to be within scope at that position in the action lines. Use the Up and Down arrow keys to select one, should you need it inserted at that point. You can bring back the pop-up list at any further point in the expression by pressing Ctrl + Space.

The variables listed in the autocomplete window are purely suggested variables. The editor cannot be certain that the variables it suggests will always be in scope at that point in the test run. It is up to you to ensure that a given variable inserted in an expression will indeed be visible (within scope) when the test is run.

Variable naming rules
Rules that must be observed when naming variables.

Backward compatibility
TestArchitect 7.22.1 maintains support for the set variable action.

Related information

set variable